Solution Manual for Essential Biochemistry, 3rd Edition, Charlotte W. Pratt Kathleen Cornely

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Solution Manual for Essential Biochemistry, 3rd Edition, Charlotte W. Pratt, Kathleen Cornely,,

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Table of Contents

PART ONE FOUNDATIONS

1 THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE 1

1-1 What is Biochemistry? 2

1-2 Biological Molecules 3

1-3 Energy and Metabolism 10

1-4 The Origin and Evolution of Life 14

2 AQUEOUS CHEMISTRY 24

2-1 Water Molecules form Hydrogen Bonds 25

2-2 The Hydrophobic Effect 30

2-3 AcidBase Chemistry 33

2-4 Tools and Techniques: Buffers 41

PART TWO MOLECULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

3 FROM GENES TO PROTEINS 51

3-1 DNA Is the Genetic Material 52

3-2 Genes Encode Proteins 61

3-3 Genomics 65

3-4 Tools and Techniques: Manipulating DNA 70

4 PROTEIN STRUCTURE 87

4-1 Proteins Are Chains of Amino Acids 89

4-2 Secondary Structure: The Conformation of the Peptide Group 96

4-3 Tertiary Structure and Protein Stability 99

4-4 Quaternary Structure 107

4-5 Tools and Techniques: Analyzing Protein Structure 108

5 PROTEIN FUNCTION 121

5-1 Myoglobin and Hemoglobin: Oxygen-Binding Proteins 122

5-2 Structural Proteins 133

5-3 Motor Proteins 144

6 HOW ENZYMES WORK 158

6-1 What Is an Enzyme? 159

6-2 The Chemistry of Catalysis 162

6-3 The Unique Properties of Enzyme Catalysts 171

6-4 Some Additional Features of Enzymes 174

7 ENZYME KINETICS AND INHIBITION 188

7-1 Introduction to Enzyme Kinetics 189

7-2 Derivation and Meaning of the MichaelisMenten Equation 191

7-3 Enzyme Inhibition 200

8 LIPIDS AND MEMBRANES 220

8-1 Lipids 221

8-2 The Lipid Bilayer 227

8-3 Membrane Proteins 230

8-4 The Fluid Mosaic Model 233

9 MEMBRANE TRANSPORT 241

9-1 The Thermodynamics of Membrane Transport 242

9-2 Passive Transport 246

9-3 Active Transport 252

9-4 Membrane Fusion 255

10 SIGNALING 266

10-1 General Features of Signaling Pathways 267

10-2 G Protein Signaling Pathways 271

10-3 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases 277

10-4 Lipid Hormone Signaling 281

11 CARBOHYDRATES 290

11-1 Monosaccharides 291

11-2 Polysaccharides 294

11-3 Glycoproteins 299

PART THREE METABOLISM

12 METABOLISM AND BIOENERGETICS 308

12-1 Food and Fuel 309

12-2 Metabolic Pathways 314

12-3 Free Energy Changes in Metabolic Reactions 323

13 GLUCOSE METABOLISM 338

13-1 Glycolysis 339

13-2 Gluconeogenesis 354

13-3 Glycogen Synthesis and Degradation 357

13-4 The Pentose Phosphate Pathway 361

14 THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE 370

14-1 The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Reaction 371

14-2 The Eight Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle 374

14-3 Anabolic and Catabolic Functions of the Citric Acid Cycle 384

15 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION 394

15-1 The Thermodynamics of OxidationReduction Reactions 395

15-2 Mitochondrial Electron Transport 399

15-3 Chemiosmosis 408

15-4 ATP Synthase 410

16 PHOTOSYNTHESIS 420

16-1 Chloroplasts and Solar Energy 422

16-2 The Light Reactions 425

16-3 Carbon Fixation 432

17 LIPID METABOLISM 442

17-1 Fatty Acid Oxidation 445

17-2 Fatty Acid Synthesis 453

17-3 Synthesis of Other Lipids 463

18 NITROGEN METABOLISM 475

18-1 Nitrogen Fixation and Assimilation 476

18-2 Amino Acid Biosynthesis 480

18-3 Nucleotide Biosynthesis 488

18-4 Amino Acid Catabolism 494

18-5 Nitrogen Disposal: The Urea Cycle 498

19 REGULATION OF MAMMALIAN FUEL METABOLISM 509

19-1 Integration of Fuel Metabolism 510

19-2 Hormonal Control of Fuel Metabolism 515

19-3 Disorders of Fuel Metabolism 520

PART FOUR GENETIC INFORMATION

20 DNA REPLICATION AND REPAIR 529

20-1 DNA Supercoiling 530

20-2 The DNA Replication Machinery 533

20-3 Telomeres 540

20-4 DNA Damage and Repair 543

20-5 DNA Packaging 552

21 TRANSCRIPTION AND RNA 561

21-1 Transcription Initiation 563

21-2 RNA Polymerase 571

21-3 RNA Processing 576

22 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 590

22-1 tRNA Aminoacylation 592

22-2 Ribosome Structure 596

22-3 Translation 599

22-4 Post-translational Events 608

GLOSSARY 617

SOLUTIONS 629

ANSWERS TO PRACTICE PROBLEMS PP-1

ANSWERS TO CLINICAL CONNECTION

QUESTIONS CC-1

INDEX I-1