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Instructor’s Solution Manual for Fundamentals of Database Systems, 6/E, Ramez Elmasri, Shamkant B. Navathe,

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Table of Contents

Part 1: Introduction to Databases

Chapter 1 Databases and Database Users    3

1.1 Introduction    4

1.2 An Example    6

1.3 Characteristics of the Database Approach    9

1.4 Actors on the Scene    14

1.5 Workers behind the Scene    16

1.6 Advantages of Using the DBMS Approach    17

1.7 A Brief History of Database Applications    23

1.8 When Not to Use a DBMS    26

1.9 Summary    27

Review Questions    27

Exercises    28

Selected Bibliography    28

Chapter 2 Database System Concepts and Architecture    29

2.1 Data Models, Schemas, and Instances     30

2.2 Three-Schema Architecture and Data Independence    33

2.3 Database Languages and Interfaces    36

2.4 The Database System Environment    40

2.5 Centralized and Client/Server Architectures for DBMSs    44

2.6 Classification of Database Management Systems    49

2.7 Summary    52

Review Questions    53

Exercises    54

Selected Bibliography    55

Part 2: Relational Data Model and SQL

Chapter 3 The Relational Data Model and Relational Database Constraints    59

3.1 Relational Model Concepts    60

3.2 Relational Model Constraints and Relational Database Schemas    67

3.3 Update Operations, Transactions, and Dealing with Constraint Violations    75

3.4 Summary    79

Review Questions    80

Exercises    80

Selected Bibliography    85

Chapter 4 Basic SQL    87

4.1 SQL Data Definition and Data Types    89

4.2 Specifying Constraints in SQL    94

4.3 Basic Retrieval Queries in SQL    97

4.4 INSERT, DELETE, and UPDATE Statements in SQL    107

4.5 Additional Features of SQL    110

4.6 Summary    111

Review Questions    112

Exercises    112

Selected Bibliography    114

Chapter 5 More SQL: Complex Queries, Triggers, Views, and Schema Modification    115

5.1 More Complex SQL Retrieval Queries    115

5.2 Specifying Constraints as Assertions and Actions as Triggers    131

5.3 Views (Virtual Tables) in SQL    133

5.4 Schema Change Statements in SQL    137

5.5 Summary    139

Review Questions    141

Exercises    141

Selected Bibliography    143

Chapter6 The Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus    145

6.1 Unary Relational Operations: SELECT and PROJECT    147

6.2 Relational Algebra Operations from Set Theory    152

6.3 Binary Relational Operations: JOIN and DIVISION    157

6.4 Additional Relational Operations    165

6.5 Examples of Queries in Relational Algebra    171

6.6 The Tuple Relational Calculus    174

6.7 The Domain Relational Calculus    183

6.8 Summary    185

Review Questions    186

Exercises    187

Laboratory Exercises    192

Selected Bibliography    194

Part 3: Conceptual Modeling and Database Design

Chapter 7 Data Modeling Using the Entity-Relationship (ER) Model    199

7.1 Using High-Level Conceptual Data Models for Database Design    200

7.2 A Sample Database Application    202

7.3 Entity Types, Entity Sets, Attributes, and Keys    203

7.4 Relationship Types, Relationship Sets, Roles, and Structural Constraints    212

7.5 Weak Entity Types    219

7.6 Refining the ER Design for the COMPANY Database    220

7.7 ER Diagrams, Naming Conventions, and Design Issues    221

7.8 Example of Other Notation: UML Class Diagrams    226

7.9 Relationship Types of Degree Higher than Two    228

7.10 Summary    232

Review Questions    234

Exercises    234

Laboratory Exercises    241

Selected Bibliography    243

Chapter8 The Enhanced Entity-Relationship (EER) Model    245

8.1 Subclasses, Superclasses, and Inheritance    246

8.2 Specialization and Generalization    248

8.3 Constraints and Characteristics of Specialization and Generalization Hierarchies    251

8.4 Modeling of UNION Types Using Categories    258

8.5 A Sample UNIVERSITY EER Schema, Design Choices, and Formal Definitions    260

8.6 Example of Other Notation: Representing Specialization and Generalization in UML Class Diagrams    265

8.7 Data Abstraction, Knowledge Representation, and Ontology Concepts    267

8.8 Summary    273

Review Questions    273

Exercises    274

Laboratory Exercises    281

Selected Bibliography    284

Chapter 9 Relational Database Design by ERand EER-to-Relational Mapping    285

9.1 Relational Database Design Using ER-to-Relational Mapping    286

9.2 Mapping EER Model Constructs to Relations    294

9.3 Summary    299

Review Questions    299

Exercises    299

Laboratory Exercises    301

Selected Bibliography    302

Chapter 10 Practical Database Design Methodology and Use of UML Diagrams    303

10.1 The Role of Information Systems in Organizations    304

10.2 The Database Design and Implementation Process    309

10.3 Use of UML Diagrams as an Aid to Database Design Specification    328

10.4 Rational Rose: A UML-Based Design Tool    337

10.5 Automated Database Design Tools    342

10.6 Summary    345

Review Questions    347

Selected Bibliography    348

Part 4: Object, Object-Relational, and XML Models

Chapter11 Object and Object-Relational Databases    353

11.1 Overview of Object Database Concepts    355

11.2 Object-Relational Features: Object Database Extensions to SQL    369

11.3 The ODMG Object Model and the Object Definition Language ODL    376

11.4 Object Database Conceptual Design    395

11.5 The Object Query Language OQL    398

11.6 Overview of the C++ Language Binding in the ODMG Standard    407

11.7 Summary    408

Review Questions    409

Exercises    411

Selected Bibliography    412

Chapter12 XML: Extensible Markup Language    415

12.1 Structured, Semistructured, and Unstructured Data    416

12.2 XML Hierarchical (Tree) Data Model    420

12.3 XML Documents, DTD, and XML Schema    423

12.4 Storing and Extracting XML Documents from Databases    431

12.5 XML Languages    432

12.6 Extracting XML Documents from Relational Databases    436

12.7 Summary    442

Review Questions    442

Exercises    443

Selected Bibliography    443

Part 5: Database Programming Techniques

Chapter13 Introduction to SQL Programming Techniques 447

13.1 Database Programming: Techniques and Issues    448

13.2 Embedded SQL, Dynamic SQL, and SQLJ    451

13.3 Database Programming with Function Calls: SQL/CLI and JDBC    464

13.4 Database Stored Procedures and SQL/PSM    473

13.5 Comparing the Three Approaches    476

13.6 Summary    477

Review Questions    478

Exercises    478

Selected Bibliography    479

Chapter14 Web Database Programming Using PHP    481

14.1 A Simple PHP Example    482

14.2 Overview of Basic Features of PHP    484

14.3 Overview of PHP Database Programming    491

14.4 Summary    496

Review Questions    496

Exercises    497

Selected Bibliography    497

Part 6: Database Normalization Theory

Chapter15 Basics of Functional Dependencies and Normalization for Relational Databases    501

15.1 Informal Design Guidelines for Relation Schemas    503

15.2 Functional Dependencies    513

15.3 Normal Forms Based on Primary Keys    516

15.4 General Definitions of Second and Third Normal Forms    525

15.5 Boyce-Codd Normal Form    529

15.6 Multivalued Dependency and Fourth Normal Form    531

15.7 Join Dependencies and Fifth Normal Form    534

15.8 Summary    535

Review Questions    536

Exercises    537

Laboratory Exercises    542

Selected Bibliography    542

Chapter16 Relational Database Design Algorithms and Further Dependencies    543

16.1 Further Topics in Functional Dependencies: Inference Rules, Equivalence, and Minimal Cover    545

16.2 Properties of Relational Decompositions    551

16.3 Algorithms for Relational Database Schema Design    557

16.4 About Nulls, Dangling Tuples, and Alternative Relational Designs    563

16.5 Further Discussion of Multivalued Dependencies and 4NF    567

16.6 Other Dependencies and Normal Forms    571

16.7 Summary    575

Review Questions    576

Exercises    576

Laboratory Exercises    578

Selected Bibliography    579

Part 7: File Structures, Indexing, and Hashing

Chapter17 Disk Storage, Basic File Structures, and Hashing    583

17.1 Introduction    584

17.2 Secondary Storage Devices    587

17.3 Buffering of Blocks    593

17.4 Placing File Records on Disk    594

17.5 Operations on Files    599

17.6 Files of Unordered Records (Heap Files)    601

17.7 Files of Ordered Records (Sorted Files)    603

17.8 Hashing Techniques    606

17.9 Other Primary File Organizations    616

17.10 Parallelizing Disk Access Using RAID Technology    617

17.11 New Storage Systems    621

17.12 Summary    624

Review Questions    625

Exercises    626

Selected Bibliography    630

Chapter18 Indexing Structures for Files    631

18.1 Types of Single-Level Ordered Indexes    632

18.2 Multilevel Indexes    643

18.3 Dynamic Multilevel Indexes Using B-Trees and B+-Trees    646

18.4 Indexes on Multiple Keys    660

18.5 Other Types of Indexes    663

18.6 Some General Issues Concerning Indexing    668

18.7 Summary    670

Review Questions    671

Exercises    672

Selected Bibliography    674

Part 8: Query Processing, Optimization, and Database Tuning

Chapter 19 Algorithms for Query Processing and Optimization    679

19.1 Translating SQL Queries into Relational Algebra    681

19.2 Algorithms for External Sorting    682

19.3 Algorithms for SELECT and JOIN Operations    685

19.4 Algorithms for PROJECT and Set Operations    696

19.5 Implementing Aggregate Operations and OUTER JOINs    698

19.6 Combining Operations Using Pipelining    700

19.7 Using Heuristics in Query Optimization    700

19.8 Using Selectivity and Cost Estimates in Query Optimization    710

19.9 Overview of Query Optimization in Oracle    721

19.10 Semantic Query Optimization    722

19.11 Summary    723

Review Questions    723

Exercises    724

Selected Bibliography    725

Chapter20 Physical Database Design and Tuning    727

20.1 Physical Database Design in Relational Databases    727

20.2 An Overview of Database Tuning in Relational Systems    733

20.3 Summary    739

Review Questions    739

Selected Bibliography    740

Part 9: Transaction Processing, Concurrency Control, and Recovery

Chapter 21 Introduction to Transaction Processing Concepts and Theory    743

21.1 Introduction to Transaction Processing    744

21.2 Transaction and System Concepts    751

21.3 Desirable Properties of Transactions    754

21.4 Characterizing Schedules Based on Recoverability    755

21.5 Characterizing Schedules Based on Serializability    759

21.6 Transaction Support in SQL    770

21.7 Summary    772

Review Questions    772

Exercises    773

Selected Bibliography    775

Chapter 22 Concurrency Control Techniques    777

22.1 Two-Phase Locking Techniques for Concurrency Control    778

22.2 Concurrency Control Based on Timestamp Ordering    788

22.3 Multiversion Concurrency Control Techniques    791

22.4 Validation (Optimistic) Concurrency Control Techniques    794

22.5 Granularity of Data Items and Multiple Granularity Locking    795

22.6 Using Locks for Concurrency Control in Indexes    798

22.7 Other Concurrency Control Issues    800

22.8 Summary    802

Review Questions    803

Exercises    804

Selected Bibliography    804

Chapter 23 Database Recovery Techniques    807

23.1 Recovery Concepts    808

23.2 NO-UNDO/REDO Recovery Based on Deferred Update    815

23.3 Recovery Techniques Based on Immediate Update    817

23.4 Shadow Paging    820

23.5 The ARIES Recovery Algorithm    821

23.6 Recovery in Multidatabase Systems    825

23.7 Database Backup and Recovery from Catastrophic Failures    826

23.8 Summary    827

Review Questions    828

Exercises    829

Selected Bibliography    832

Part 10: Additional Database Topics: Security and Distribution

Chapter24 Database Security    835

24.1 Introduction to Database Security Issues    836

24.2 Discretionary Access Control Based on Granting and Revoking Privileges    842

24.3 Mandatory Access Control and Role-Based Access Control for Multilevel Security    847

24.4 SQL Injection    855

24.5 Introduction to Statistical Database Security    859

24.6 Introduction to Flow Control    860

24.7 Encryption and Public Key Infrastructures    862

24.8 Privacy Issues and Preservation    866

24.9 Challenges of Database Security    867

24.10 Oracle Label-Based Security    868

24.11 Summary    870

Review Questions    872

Exercises    873

Selected Bibliography    874

Chapter25 Distributed Databases    877

25.1 Distributed Database Concepts    878

25.2 Types of Distributed Database Systems    883

25.3 Distributed Database Architectures    887

25.4 Data Fragmentation, Replication, and Allocation Techniques for Distributed Database Design    894

25.5 Query Processing and Optimization in Distributed Databases    901

25.6 Overview of Transaction Management in Distributed Databases    907

25.7 Overview of Concurrency Control and Recovery in Distributed Databases    909

25.8 Distributed Catalog Management    913

25.9 Current Trends in Distributed Databases    914

25.10 Distributed Databases in Oracle    915

25.11 Summary    919

Review Questions    921

Exercises    922

Selected Bibliography    924

Part 11: Advanced Database Models, Systems, and Applications

Chapter26 Enhanced Data Models for Advanced Applications    931

26.1 Active Database Concepts and Triggers    933

26.2 Temporal Database Concepts    943

26.3 Spatial Database Concepts    957

26.4 Multimedia Database Concepts    965

26.5 Introduction to Deductive Databases    970

26.6 Summary    983

Review Questions    985

Exercises    986

Selected Bibliography    989

Chapter 27 Introduction to Information Retrieval and Web Search 993

27.1 Information Retrieval (IR) Concepts    994

27.2 Retrieval Models    1001

27.3 Types of Queries in IR Systems    1007

27.4 Text Preprocessing    1009

27.5 Inverted Indexing    1012

27.6 Evaluation Measures of Search Relevance    1014

27.7 Web Search and Analysis    1018

27.8 Trends in Information Retrieval    1028

27.9 Summary    1030

Review Questions    1031

Selected Bibliography    1033

Chapter 28 Data Mining Concepts    1035

28.1 Overview of Data Mining Technology    1036

28.2 Association Rules    1039

28.3 Classification    1051

28.4 Clustering    1054

28.5 Approaches to Other Data Mining Problems    1057

28.6 Applications of Data Mining    1060

28.7 Commercial Data Mining Tools    1060

28.8 Summary    1063

Review Questions    1063

Exercises    1064

Selected Bibliography    1065

Chapter29 Overview of Data Warehousing and OLAP    1067

29.1 Introduction, Definitions, and Terminology    1067

29.2 Characteristics of Data Warehouses    1069

29.3 Data Modeling for Data Warehouses    1070

29.4 Building a Data Warehouse    1075

29.5 Typical Functionality of a Data Warehouse    1078

29.6 Data Warehouse versus Views    1079

29.7 Difficulties of Implementing Data Warehouses    1080

29.8 Summary    1081

Review Questions    1081

Selected Bibliography    1082

Appendix A Alternative Diagrammatic Notations for ER Models 1083

Appendix B Parameters of Disks 1087

AppendixC Overview of the QBE Language 1091

C.1 Basic Retrievals in QBE 1091

C.2 Grouping, Aggregation, and Database Modification in QBE 1095

AppendixD Overview of the Hierarchical Data Model (located on the Companion Website at http://www.pearsonhighered.com/elmasri)

AppendixE Overview of the Network Data Model (located on the Companion Website at http://www.pearsonhighered.com/elmasri)

Selected Bibliography 1099

Index 1133